In order to work in Japan, status of resident (it is sometimes called a visa.) is required. There are four different types of status of residence.
1) Status of residence linked to certain types of jobs
This is a status linked to certain types of jobs, such as "Specialist
in Humanities / International Services", “Skilled Labor” and “Engineer”,
and allows a foreign national to work in Japan. If a foreign national changes
his or her job, a change of status of residence is required.
2) Status of residence linked to status
This is a status of residence linked to a foreign national called "Long
Term Resident" or "Spouse or Child of Japanese National".
Many foreign nationals of Japanese ancestry have this type of status of
residence. Those who have this status of residence can engage in any job.
3) Status of residence for designated activities
Technical interns are permitted to work under status of residence of designated
activities.
4) Permission for engaging in an activity outside the scope permitted
Even if a foreign national has a status of residence, such as “Coming to
Japan to Study”, “School Attendance” or “Short Stay”, which does not permit
him or her to work in Japan, specific work such as a part-time job within
a certain period is permitted as “Engaging in an Activity Outside the Scope
Permitted”.
In contrast, for a foreign national who does not have a status of residence,
no work is permitted. However, in reality, there are many foreign nationals
who are working in Japan without a status of residence. The rights of these
workers are also granted. Additionally, when a foreign national is taking
legal action to acquire special permission for residence or refugee recognition,
some considerations to protect his or her survival can be provided.